English/Spanish handbook (página 2)

Below: debajo de, inferior a.

Beside: cerca de, junto, en comparación de, fuera de.

Besides: además de, excepto, fuera de. Between: entre (relative to two things, countries, objects…). By: por, para, cerca de, junto a, al lado de.

Down: bajando, debajo de.

For: para, durante, por, a pesar de, desde hace, de.

From: de, desde, de parte de (origin, displacement). In: en, de, dentro (particularly, it indicates internal location). In front of: delante de, enfrente de, frente a.

In order to: para, con el fin de.

Into: en, dentro de, hacia el interior de…

Of: de (content, property, matter cousin, unit of measurement …).

Off: libre de, fuera (de)…

On: en, sobre, encima.

Out: por, allá en.

Over: sobre, encima de, por encima de, por, al otro lado de…

To: a, para, por, con, hasta, en, según, menos.

Toward (towards): hacia, cerca de, tocante a, para con.

Under: bajo, debajo de, inferior a.

Until: hasta.

Up: a (en) lo alto de, encima de, (hacia) arriba de, sobre…

Upon: en, sobre, encima de, contra, hacia…

With: con, de.

Within: dentro de, al alcance de, poco menos de, con un margen de…

Without: fuera de, más allá de, sin.

NOTE: See enclose N° 1 (prepositions, some examples).

PRONOUNS

• Personal pronouns I (ái): Yo (first singular person).

You (yiú): Tú, usted (second singular person).

He (ji): Él (third singular person).

She (shi): Ella (third singular person).

It (it): Él, ella, ello- neutro (third singular person; relative to animals, things…).

We (wuí): nosotros, nosotras (first plural person).

You (yiú): Ustedes, vosotros, vosotras (second plural person).

They (déi): Ellos, ellas (third plural person).

• Objective pronouns

Me (mi): mí, me (relative to I or 1st singular person). You (yiú): tí, te (relative to you or 2nd singular person). Him (jim): le, lo (relative to he or 3rd singular person). Her (jer): le, la (relative to she or 3rd singular person).

It (it): le. Lo, la (relative to he, she, neutral 3rd singular person: animals, things…).

Us (os, as): nos (relative to we or first plural person).

You (yiú): os, les, los, las (relative to you or second plural person).

Them (dem): les, los, las (relative to they or third plural person).

• Possessive pronouns Mine (máin): mío(s), mía(s).

Yours (yióars, yiúrs): tuyo(a), suyo(a), tuyos(as), suyos(as) (relative to you).

His (jis): su, suyo(a), suyos(as) (relative to he /3rd singular person).

Hers (jers): su, suyo(a), suyos(as) (relative to she /3rd singular person).

Its (its): su, suyo(as)…(relative to it /3rd singular person /animals, things, objects).

Ours (áurs): nuestro(a), de nosotros… (relative to we).

Yours (yióars, yiúrs): vuestro(a), de ustedes… (relative to you).

Theirs (déirs, ders): suyo(a), de ellos(as)…(relative to they).

• Pseudo reflexive in function of reflexive pronouns Myself (maisélf): me, mí mismo, yo mismo (relative to I).

Yourself (yiorsélf): te, tú mismo, usted mismo, sí mismo (relative to you).

Himself (jimsélf): se, sí mismo (relative to he). Herself (jersélf): se, sí misma (relative to she). Itself (itsélf): se, sí mismo(a) / (relative to it). Ourselves (aursélvs): nos… (relative to we). Yourselves (yiorsélvs): os, se (relative to you). Themselves (demsélvs): se… (relative to they).

• Possessive adjectives My (mái): mi, mis (relative to I).

Your (yióar, yiúr): su, sus (relative to you).

His (jis): su, sus (relative to he). Her (jer): su, sus (relative to she). Its (its): su, sus (relative to it).

Our (áur): nuestro(s), nuestra(s) /(relative to we).

Your (yiór, yióar, yiúr): vuestro(s), vuestra(s), su, sus (relative to you).

Their (der, déir): su, sus (relative to they).

• INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS (WORDS)

**WHAT (juát): ¿Qué…? ¿Cuál…?

• What are you doing here?

(juát ar yiú dúing jíer)

*¿Qué está(s) haciendo aquí?

• What is the price?

(juát is de práis)

*¿Cuál es el precio? *¿Qué precio tiene…?

• What does she want to do?

(juát das shi wuánt tu du)

*¿Qué desea hacer ella?

**WHEN (juén): ¿Cuándo…?

• When are they going to sing?

(juén ar déi góing tu sing?

*¿Cuándo van a cantar ellos(as)?

• When did you get back?

(juén did yiú guet bak)

*¿Cuándo regresaste? ¿Cuándo regresó ud.? ¿Cuándo regresaron uds.?

**WHERE (juér): ¿Dónde…?

• Where were you the day before yesterday?

(juér wuér yiú de déi bifór yésterdei)

*¿Dónde estuviste anteayer? ¿Dónde estuvo (estuvieron) usted(es) ayer?

• Where does he come from?

(juér das hi com from)

*¿De dónde es él? ¿De dónde procede (es oriundo) él?

**WHO (JU): ¿Quién(es)…?

• Who is she?

(ju is shi)

*¿Quién es ella?

• Who knows where they live?

(ju nóus juér déi liv)

*¿Quién sabe dónde viven ellos(as)?

**HOW (jáu): ¿Cómo…? ¿Cuán…? ¿Con qué…?

• How is your sister?

(jáu is yiór síster)

*¿Cómo está tu hermana? ¿Cómo está su hermana?

• How deep is that pond?

(jáu dip is dat pond)

*¿Cuán profunda es esa poza (charca)?

• How often does she visit you?

(jáu ófen das shi vísit yiú)

*¿Con qué frecuencia te visita ella?

**WHY (juái): ¿Por qué…?

• Why did he do that?

(juái did ji du dat)

*¿Por qué hizo eso (él)?

• Why do you say (that) she is dangerous?

[juái du yiú séi (dat) shi is déinyeros]

*¿Por qué dice usted que ella es peligrosa?

**WHOSE (juz): ¿De quién(es)…?

• Whose houses are those?

(juz jáusis ar dóuz)

*¿De quién(es) son esas casas?

• Whose wallet is this?

(juz wuálit is diz)

*¿De quién es esta cartera?

**WHICH (juích): ¿Cuál(es)…?

• Which are your shoes?

(juích ar yiór shuz)

*¿Cuáles son tus (sus) zapatos?

• Which is his trouble?

(juích is jis trébol)

*¿Cuál es su problema? ¿Cuál es el apuro (la dificultad) de él?

• DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (PRONOUNS)

**THIS (diz): este, esta / éste, ésta, esto [plural: THESE (díiz)]

• This little truck is very beautiful

(diz lítol trok is véri biútifol)

*Esta camioneta es muy bonita.

• That shirt is nice, but I prefer this (one).

[dat shert is náis bat ái prifér diz (wuán)]

*Esa camisa es muy linda, pero prefiero ésta.

• These soldiers are brave.

(díiz sól-yiers ar bréiv)

*Estos soldados son valientes.

**THAT (dat): ese, aquel… / ése, aquél, eso… [plural: THOSE (dóuz)]

• That gentleman is my uncle.

(dat géntolman is mái ánkol)

*Ese caballero es mi tío.

• ¡Look… that is my old town!

(luk… dat is mái óuld táun)

*¡Mira… ese es mi viejo poblado!

• Those are their books.

(dóuz ar déir buks)

*Esos (aquellos) son sus libros.

• AUXILIARY (defective and/or modal) VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS

With these verbs and expressions no auxiliary is needed to ask or to answer.

• CAN: poder (relative to competence to do something), saber.

• COULD: pasado de can (It also indicates probability or possibility).

• MAY: poder (It indicates permission, authorization, possibility, desire or assertion).

• MUST: deber, tener que, deber de (obligation; it also means justification).

• MIGHT: ser posible; podría, podríamos (possibility).

• OUGHT: deber (modo potencial); debiera, debiéramos, debierais…

• SHOULD: deber; debería, deberíamos… (to form present and past conditional).

• WOULD: ending –ía of some verbs in Spanish (present and past conditional); besides potential mode, it also forms imperfect tense of the indicative mode when it indicates costum.

• HAVE: aux, cuando significa haber (in USA) y cuando significa haber o tener (in Great Britain).

• BE: aux. ser o estar; también, significa haber (as auxiliar), deber, tener, haber (character or existential mode), hacer, andar en, tocar a, depender de.

NOTE: See enclose N° 2 (auxiliary verbs, defective, and modal).

• THE AUXILIARIES: Do, Does, Did, Will

Auxiliaries (do, does, did, will) are utilized to ask, and answer (forms: short afirmative, short negative, and long negative); they are also utilized to emphasize (to affirm flat). All of these auxiliaries are used with verbs requiring them to ask or to answer, that is to say, they are utilized with verbs and expressions distinct to "auxiliary, defective or modal verbs and/or expressions".

The auxiliaries, DO and DOES, are utilized with present tense (indicative mode).

DO Auxiliary is utilized with the following persons:

I (first singular person), you (second singular person), we (first plural person), and they (third

plural person).

DOES Auxiliary is utilized with: SHE, HE, IT (third singular person).

DID auxiliary is utilized with past tense (indicative mode) con todas las personas (I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They); DID is the past form of DO and DOES.

WILL auxiliary is utilized to form the simple future tense of the verbs; it is used with all the persons, and in some cases is replaced with SHALL. Shall was utilized (and it is still used as archaism) with the first person (both singular and plural: I and WE).

Examples:

• Do they have to suffer an examination today?

(du déi jav tu sáfer an iksaminéishon tudéi)

*¿Deben (tienen) ellos (que) presentar un examen hoy?

*Yes, they have to suffer an examination today.

*Yes, they do.

*No, they do not.

*No, they do not have to suffer an examination today.

• Does she fix the meals?

(das shi fiks de mils)

*¿Prepara ella las comidas?

*Yes, she fixes the meals.

*Yes, she does.

*No, she does not.

*No, she does not fix the meals.

• Did you go to the beach yesterday?

(did yiú góu tu de bich yésterdei)

*¿Fuiste (Fuisteis) a la playa ayer?

*Yes, I (We) went to the beach yesterday.

*Yes, I (We) did.

*No, I (We) did not.

*No, I (We) did not go to the beach yesterday.

• Will he be on time really?

(wuíl ji bi on táim ríli)

*¿Realmente llegará (él) a tiempo?

*Yes, he will be on time really.

*Yes, he will.

*No, he will not.

*No, he will not be on time really.

• Will (shall) I have to work tomorrow?

[wuíl (shal) ái jav tu wuérk tumárou]

*¿Tendré yo que trabajar mañana?

*Yes, you will have to work tomorrow.

*Yes, you will.

*No, you will not.

*No, you will not have to work tomorrow.

• To BE Verb (ser o estar) in simple tenses (Indicative mode) Present tense:

I am (ái am): soy o estoy.

You are (yiú ar): eres o estás, (ud.) es o ésta.

He is (ji is): (él) es o está.

She is (shi is): (ella) es o está.

It is (it is): (él, ella, ello) es o está (relativo a animales, cosas, eventos…)

We are (wuí ar) somos o estamos.

You are (yiú ar): sois o estáis, (uds.) son o están.

They are (déi ar): (ellos o ellas) son o están.

Past tense:

I was (ái wuós): Yo era (fui, estaba, estuve).

You were (yiú wuér): eras (fuiste, estabas, estuviste), ud. Era (estaba…)

He was (ji wuós): (él) era (estaba, fue, estuvo).

She was (shi wuós): (ella) era (estaba, fue, estuvo).

It was (it wuós): (él, ella, ello) era (estaba, fue, estuvo).

We were (wuí wuér): éramos (estábamos, fuimos, estuvimos).

You were (yiú wuér): erais (fuisteis, estabais), uds. eran (estaban…).

They were (déi wuér): (ellos o ellas) eran (estaban, fueron, estuvieron).

Future tense:

I will be (ái wuíl bi): seré o estaré.

You will be (yiú wuíl bi): serás o estarás.

He will be (ji wuíl bi): (él) será o estará.

She will be (shi wuíl bi): (ella) será o estará.

It will be (it wuíl bi): (él, ella, ello) será o estará.

We will be (wuí wuíl bi): seremos o estaremos.

You will be (yiú wuíl bi): seréis o estaréis, (uds.) serán o estarán.

They will be (déi wuíl bi): (ellos o ellas) serán o estarán.

9.1. To BE verb: questions and answers (affirmative and negative forms)

• Are they faithful?

(ar déi féitzfol)

*¿Son ellos (ellas) confiables (de confianza)?

*Yes, they are faithful.

*Yes, they are.

*No, they are not.

*No, they are not faithful.

• Is she in?

(is shi in)

*¿Está ella en casa?

*Yes, she is in.

*Yes, she is.

*No, she is not.

*No, she is not in.

• Are you student?

(ar yiú sstúdent)

*¿Eres (es) tú (usted) estudiante?

*Yes, I am student.

*Yes, I am.

*No, I am not.

*No, I am not student.

• Were you sick last week?

(wuér yiú sik last wuík)

*¿Estabas (estuviste) enfermo la semana pasada?

*Yes, I was sick last week.

*Yes, I was.

*No, I was not.

*No, I was not sick last week.

• Will you (both or all) be ready in ten minutes?

[wuíl yiú (bóutz or ol) bi rédi in ten mínits]

*¿Estarán (uds.) listos en diez minutos?

*Yes, we will (shall) be ready in ten minutes.

*Yes, we will (shall).

*No, will (shall) not.

*No, we will (shall) not ready in ten minutes.

THE TIME

• What time is it? What is the time?

(juát táim is it) (juát is de táim)

*¿Qué hora es? *¿Qué hora es?

*It"s ten to five (its ten tu fáiv): cinco menos diez.

*It"s ten before five (its ten bifór fáiv): cinco menos diez.

*It"s ten to (before) five [its ten tu (bifór) fáiv]: faltan diez para las cinco.

*Fifteen minutes past (after) three.

[fíftín mínits past (áfter) zríi]

*Tres y quince.

*A quarter past (after) four.

[e quórter past (áfter) fóar]

*Cuatro y cuarto.

*Cuatro y quince.

*It"s six o"clock in the morning.

(its siks aklák in de móning)

*Son las seis en punto de la mañana.

*Seven and thirty (a half).

[sévan and térti (e jaf)]

*Siete y treinta (media).

• CONTRACTIONS

Normal form: Contracted form:

Am not ain´t(*)

Are not aren´t

Can not can´t, cannot

Could not couldn´t

Did not didn´t

Do not don´t

Does not doesn´t

Had not hadn´t

Has not hasn´t

Have not haven´t

He (she, it) has he´s, she´s, it´s

He (she, it) is he´s, she´s, it´s

I (you, he, she, it, we, they) will I"ll, you"ll, he´ll, she´ll, it´ll, we"ll, they"ll

I (you, we, they) have I´ve, you´ve, we´ve, they´ve

Is not isn´t

Might not mightn´t

Must not mustn´t

Ought not oughtn´t (generalmente no se contrae)

Should not shouldn´t

There is (will be) there´s, there"ll be

They are they´re

Was not wasn´t

We are we´re

Were not weren´t

Why not won´t

Will not won´t

Would not wouldn´t

You are you´re

NOTE: (*) AIN´T expression is also the contracted form of: Am not, Are not, Is not, Have not, Has not.

• DAYS OF THE WEEK, MONTH OF THE YEAR, AND DATES

• Days of the week

Sunday (sándei, sándi): domingo. Monday (móndéi, móndi): lunes. Tuesday (tiúsdei, tiúsdi): martes.

Wednesday (wuénsdei, wuénsdi): miércoles.

Thursday (térsdei, térsdi): jueves.

Friday (fráidei, fráidi): viernes.

Saturday (sátordei, sátordi): sábado.

• Months of the year January (yániueri, yánueri): enero.

February (fébriueri, fébrueri): febrero.

March (march): marzo.

April (éiprol): abril. May (méi): mayo. June (yiún): junio. July (yiulái): julio.

August (óguest, ógost): agosto. September (septémber): septiembre. October (oktáber, október): octubre. November (navémber): noviembre. December (dizémber): diciembre.

• Dates

• August the 21st, 1999.

(óguest de tuénti ferst, náintín náinti náin)

*21 de agosto de 1.999.

• April the 9th, 1960.

(éiprol de náintz, náintín síksti)

*9 de abril de 1.960.

• December the 31th

(dizémber de térti ferst)

*Treinta y uno de diciembre.

• Today it´s May the 1st, Day of the Worker.

(tudéi its méi de ferst, déi ov de wuórker)

*Hoy es primero de mayo, Día del Trabajo o del Trabajador.

• December the 15th, 2009.

[dizémber de fíftíntz, tuénti óu (zíro) náin]

*15 de diciembre del 2009.

NOTE: in relation with the dates in English: the names of the months begin with capital letter; in the case of the days, ordinal numbers are utilized; the years are read in centuries, adding the remaining quantities to them, just as it was seen in the previous examples.

(See encloses- Enclose N° 3)

• IDIOMS

• Idiomatical expressions with To BE verb: To BE (…to BE): indica futuro (with both genders).

To BE afraid of: tener miedo a (de).

To BE angry: estar molesto, tener rabia (enojo, furia).

To BE back: regresar, volver, retornar.

To BE cold: tener frío.

To BE frightened: tener miedo (de), espantarse, estar espantado.

To BE hot: tener mucho(a) calor.

To BE hungry: tener hambre.

To BE in a hurry: tener prisa.

To BE in with: ser muy amigo(a) de, gozar de las simpatías de. To BE in: estar (encontrarse) en casa (shop, restaurant, bar…). To BE off: irse, estar equivocado.

To BE out of: no tener más.

To BE out: estar fuera de casa, estar en la calle…

To BE right: tener razón, estar en lo cierto.

To BE starving: morirse de hambre, tener hambre excesiva.

To BE the matter with: tener, pasar, ocurrir…

To BE thirsty: tener sed.

To BE tired: estar cansado, sentirse cansado.

To BE to: deber, tener que.

To BE up to: estar a la altura de, ser competente para…

To BE warm: tener calor.

To BE wrong: no tener razón, estar equivocado.

• Idiomatical expressions with To COME:

To COME about: suceder, girar, cambiar de dirección…

To COME across: encontrarse con, atravesar.

To COME apart: desprenderse, desunirse, caerse (por partes).

To COME away: apartarse, retirarse, largarse.

To COME back: regresar, volver, retornar. To COME before: llegar antes, anteponerse. To COME between: separar, desunir…

To COME in: entrar.

To COME into: obtener, recibir, heredar, entrar…

To COME out: salir.

• Idiomatical expressions with To GET: To GET crazy: volverse loco.

To GET back: volver, regresar, retornar.

To GET in: entrar.

To GET into: conectar(se) a, entrar.

To GET off: bajar(se) de (un vehículo o nave…).

To GET on: subir(se) a (un bus, un avión…).

To GET out: salir.

To GET sad: entristecerse.

To GET sick: enfermarse.

• Idiomatical expressions with To HAVE: To HAVE at: atacar, embestir.

To HAVE breakfast (lunch, dinner): desayunar (almorzar, cenar).

To HAVE on: llevar puesto.

To HAVE to: tener que, deber.

To HAVE to do with: tener que ver con.

• General idiomatical expressions: At that: sin más.

But then: pero por otro lado, pero al mismo tiempo.

By the way: a propósito…

From now on: de ahora en adelante.

On the other hand: de otra parte.

From then: de allí en adelante, desde entonces.

From time to time: de vez en cuando. Now and then (again): de vez en cuando. Now that: ya que.

Now then: ahora bien.

On the contrary: por el contrario.

Side by side: lado a lado, uno al lado del otro.

Then and there: al momento, ahí mismo.

To be a mere skeleton: quedar sólo los huesos. To be quiet: quedarse callado, quedarse quieto. To cut one"s way: labrar su camino.

To get married: casarse.

To have nothing to see with: no tener nada que ver con.

To make one"s living: ganarse la vida.

To make up one"s mind: tomar una decisión, resolverse, decidirse.

To put in (on, across, out…): introducir [poner(se), llevar a cabo, sacar…]

To shut up: quedarse callado, callarse (expresión muy severa).

To take for (on, off, in, up…): considerar (tomar, quitarse, admitir, subir…).

To take it easy: calmarse, ir con cuidado, descansar, ir despacio…

Upon that: sobre eso.

NOTE: one"s expression is replaced by the possessive adjective corresponding to the mentioned person (my, your, his, her, its, our, their).

• EXPRESSIONS OF EXISTENCE (There is, there was, there are, there were)

• There is (der is): hay (singular form).

• There are (der ar): hay (plural form).

• There was (der wuós): hubo, había (singular).

• There were (der wuér): hubo, había (plural).

• There will be (der wuíl bi): habrá (singular and plural).

Examples:

*Hay un apetitoso bizcocho ahí (allí, allá).

*Is there a tasty cake there?

(is der e téisti kéik der)

*¿Hay un apetitoso bizcocho ahí?

*Yes, there is a tasty cake there.

*Yes, there is.

*No, there is not.

*No, there is not a tasty cake there.

• There are two parrots shouting. (der ar tu párots sháuting)

*Hay dos loros gritando.

*Are there two parrots shouting?

(ar der tu párots sháuting)

*¿Hay dos loros gritando?

*Yes, there are two parrots shouting.

*Yes, there are.

*No, there are not.

*No, there are not two parrots shouting.

• There was an accident last night.

(der wuós an áksident last náit)

*Hubo un accidente anoche.

*Was there an accident last night?

(wuós der an áksident last náit)

*¿Hubo un accidente anoche?

*Yes, there was an accident last night.

*Yes, there was.

*No, there was not.

*No, there was not an accident last night.

• There were three nice houses on that corner.

(der wuér zríi náis jáusis on dat córner)

*Había tres lindas casas en esa esquina.

*Were there three nice houses on that corner?

(wuér der zríi náis jáusis on dat córner)

*¿Había tres lindas casas en esa esquina?

*Yes, there were three nice houses on that corner.

*Yes, there were.

*No, there were not.

*No, there were not three nice houses on that corner.

• There will be a party next week.

[der wuíl bi e párti (pári) neks wuík]

*Habrá una fiesta la próxima semana.

*Will there be a party next week?

[wuíl der bi e párti (pári) neks wuík]

*¿Habrá una fiesta la próxima semana?

*Yes, there will be a party next week.

*Yes, there will.

*No, there will not.

*No, there will not be a party next week.

• TAG QUESTIONS (Questions of corroboration)

For this kind of construction, the following thing should keep in mind:

• The grammatical tense of the main verb.

• If main verb needs or not an auxiliary.

• If the expression is affirmative or negative one.

According to the previous thing, it is necessary to the following to elaborate "Tag questions":

• If the expressions is affirmative, and besides that, the main verb is in the present tense, and it needs auxiliary (to ask and/or to answer), DO auxiliary is utilized if the subject is: I, You, We, They; DOES auxiliary is utilized if the subject is: He, She, It- followed by the negation (NOT), and by the corresponding personal pronoun.

• If the expression is affirmative, and the main verb is in Past Tense; besides that, if the verb needs auxiliary to ask and/or to answer, DID auxiliary is utilized (with all the persons), followed by the negation (NOT), and by the corresponding personal pronoun.

• If the expression is affirmative, and it is in simple future tense; besides that, the main verb needs auxiliary to ask and/or to answer, then WILL auxiliary is utilized, followed by the negation (NOT), and by the corresponding personal pronoun.

• If the expression is affirmative, and the main verb does not require auxiliary (because it is auxiliary, defective or modal), then, the main verb is utilized to ask, followed by the negation (NOT), and by the corresponding personal pronoun.

• If the expression is negative, it is necessary to keep in mind:

• If the main verb is in the present tense, and needs auxiliary, DO or DOES auxiliaries are utilized (as correspond), followed by the corresponding personal pronoun.

• If the main verb is in the past tense, and it requires auxiliary, DID auxiliary is utilized (with all the persons), followed by the corresponding personal pronoun.

• If the main verb is in the future tense, and it needs auxiliary, we have to utilize WILL auxiliary (with all the persons), followed by the corresponding personal pronoun.

• If the main verb does not require auxiliary neither to ask nor to answer, then, the same main verb is utilized, followed by the corresponding personal pronoun.

Examples:

Basic expression: Tag question:

• They want to buy a new house. Don"t they?

(déi wuánt tu bái e niú jáuz) (dont déi)

*Ellos(as) quieren comprar una casa nueva ¿No es verdad?

• Ariadne loves country music. Doesn´t she?

(ériadn lovs kántri miúsik) (dásent shi)

*Ariadna adora la música campirana ¿No es verdad?

• Katherine brought some presents. Didn´t she?

(káterin brot som présents) (dídent shi)

*Catalina trajo algunos regalos. ¿No es verdad?

• Latin America will import food products. Won´t it?

(látin américa wuíl impórt fud pródoks) (wuónt it)

*América Latina importará alimentos. ¿No es verdad?

• You should be careful. Shouldn´t you?

(yiú shud bi kérfol) (shúdent yiú)

*Debería(s)(n) tener cuidado. ¿No es verdad?

• She doesn´t want to study German. Does she?

(shi dásent wuánt tu sstádi yérman) (das shi)

*Ella no desea estudiar alemán. ¿Verdad?

• We didn´t learn the lesson. Did you?

(wuí dídent lern de léson) (did yiú)

*Nosotros no aprendimos la lección. ¿Verdad?

• He would rather to stay in. Wouldn´t he?

(ji wud ráder tu sstéi in) (wúdent ji)

*Él preferiría quedarse en casa. ¿No es verdad?

NOTE: generally, Tag Question is negative, AUXILIARY (auxiliary expression, defective or modal verb) is contracted together with the negation (NOT).

• To HAVE VERB (as auxiliary: HABER in Spanish) Present: Past:

I have: yo he I had: hube, había…

You have: tú has; usted ha You had: hubiste…

He has: él ha He had: hubo, había…

She has: ella ha She had: hubo, había…

It has: (él, ella, ello) ha It had: hubo, había…

We have: nos. hemos We had: hubimos, habíamos… You have: vos. habéis; uds. han You had: hubisteis, hubieron… They have: ellos(as) han They had: hubieron, habían…

FIRST GENERAL VOCABULARY (complementary)

Airplane (érplein): avión. Apple (ápol): manzana. Army (ármi): ejército.

Avenue (évniu): avenida.

Bag (bag): bolsa.

Bank (bank): banco. Bathroom (bázrum): baño. Battle (bátol): batalla.

Bean (bin): fríjol, habichuela, judía…

Bed (bed): cama.

Bedroom (bédrum): alcoba. Belt (belt): cinturón, correa. Bird (berd): ave, pájaro.

Biscuit (bískuit): bizcocho.

Blade (bléid): cuchilla.

Boat (bóut): barco, bote. Bottle (bótol): botella, envase. Boy (bói): muchacho.

Building (bílding): edificio.

Bull (bul): toro.

Bullfight (bulfáit): corrida (de toros). Bullring (bólring): ruedo, corraleja… Butter (bóter): mantequilla.

Cake (kéik): bizcocho, panqueque.

Campus (kámpos): campo (de una universidad).

Can (can): caneca, envase (metálico), lata.

Cap (cap): caperuza, gorro.

Car (car): carro.

Card (card): tarjeta.

Ceiling room (síling rum): cielo raso.

Chair (cher): silla. Chicken (chíken): pollo. Child (cháild): niño.

Cigarette (cígaret): cigarrillo.

City (cíti): ciudad.

Cloud (cláud): nube.

Coat (cóut): abrigo.

Coconut (cóconet): coco.

Colledge (kálich): colegio (de carreras profesionales…).

Corn (corn): maíz.

Corner (kórner): esquina, rincón.

Country (kántri): país, campo, campiña.

Court (cort): corte o sala (de justicia), cancha (deportiva).

Cow (káu): vaca.

Crab (crab): cangrejo. Curtain (kérten): cortina. Desert (désert): desierto. Dessert (dizért): postre. Door (dor): puerta.

Dot (dat): alarma.

Downtown (dáuntáun): centro (de una ciudad…).

Drum (drom): tambor.

Duck (dek): pato.

Eagle (ígol): águila.

Electric bulb (iléktrik belb): bombilla. Eyeglasses (áiglásis): gafas, anteojos. Feather (féder): pluma.

Fish (fish): pez, pescado.

Floor (floor): piso.

Fork (fork): tenedor, trinche (para comidas).

Fretsaw (frétso): segueta.

Game (guéim): juego.

Hat (jat): sombrero.

Hawk, falcon (jok, fálcon): halcón.

Hen (jen): gallina.

High School (jáisskul): escuela secundaria, colegio de bachillerato.

Hill (jil): colina. Hour (áuar): hora. House (jáuz): casa.

Hurricane (járikéin): huracán.

Jacket (yáket): chaqueta. Jigsaw (yígso): segueta. Knife (náif): cuchillo.

Ladder (láder): escalera (movible, transportable).

Lifter (lífter): ascensor.

Lion (láion): león.

Little truck (lítol trok): camioneta.

Living room (lívin rum): sala.

Market (márkit): mercado. Marsh (marsh): ciénaga. Matress (mátris): colchón. Meat (mit): carne.

Medal (médol): medalla.

Mountain (máunten): montaña.

Mouse (máuz): ratón.

Net (net): red.

Nut (not): tuerca.

Ocean (óushan): océano. Octopus (óktopos): pulpo. Oil (óil): aceite, petróleo.

Opus (ópos): obra (literaria, dramática…).

Park (park): parque.

Parrot (párot): loro.

Passenger elevator (pásinyer élevéitor): ascensor.

Phanter (pánter): pantera. Pig, hog (pig, jog): cerdo. Pineapple (páinépol): piña. Plate (pléit): plato, placa.

Plateau (plató): meseta. Pond (pond): charca, poza. Praerie (préri): pradera.

Purse (pers): bolso.

Rain (réin): lluvia.

Raincoat (réincout): impermeable. Rainproof (réinpruf): impermeable. Rice (ráis): arroz.

Ring (ring): anillo.

River (ríver): río.

Road (róud): carretera, camino.

Room (rum): cuarto, pieza.

Rooster (rúster): gallo.

Sack (sak): saco. Saw (so): sierra. Screw (sskru): tornillo.

Screwdriver (sskrudráiver): destornillador.

Sea (si): mar.

Seagull (sígol): gaviota. Serpent (sérpent): serpiente. Shirt (shert): camisa.

Shoe (shu): zapato.

Shopping center (sháping cénter): Centro Comercial.

Shovel (shóvol): pala. Shrimp (shrimp): camarón. Sky (sskái): cielo.

Snake (ssnéik): culebra.

Sock (sok): media.

Sofá (sóufa): sofá.

Sparrow hawk (sspárou jok): gavilán.

Spoon (sspún): cuchara.

Stair (sstér): escalera (fija o corrediza).

Staircase (sstérkéis): escalera.

Stocking (sstóking): calcetín.

Storm (sstórm): tormenta.

Stream (sstrím): arroyo.

Street (sstrít): calle.

Table (téibol): mesa.

Tablecloth (téibol klotz): mantel. Telephone (télefóun): teléfono. Thunder (tánder): trueno.

Tie (tái): corbata, lazo.

Tiger (táiguer): tigre.

Time (táim): tiempo, hora. Towel (táwuel, táwuol): toalla. Tower (táwuer): torre.

Town (táun): pueblo, poblado.

Train (tréin): tren.

Trousers (tráusers): pantalones.

Truck (trok): camión.

Truck driver (trok dráiver): conductor (de buses).

Turkey (térki): pavo.

Umbrella (ambréla): sombrilla, paraguas. Underpants (ánderpants): pantaloncillos. University (yiúnivérsiti): universidad.

Valley (váli): valle. Vulture (vólshor): buitre. Weapon (wuépon): arma. Whale (juéiol): ballena.

Worm (wuórm): gusano, lombriz.

• PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

[See enclose Number 4: PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY (Additional Vocabulary)]

Abdomen (ábdomen): abdomen.

Ankle (ánkol): tobillo.

Arm (arm): brazo. Ass (as): trasero. Asshole (asjóul): ano. Back (bak): espalda.

Buttocks (bótoks): nalgas.

Calf (kaf): pantorrilla.

Cheek (chik): mejilla. Cheekbone (chíkbón): pómulo. Chest chest): pecho.

Chin (chin): barbilla. Ear (ir): oreja, oído. Elbow (élbou): codo. Eye (ái): ojo.

Eyebrow (áibro): ceja. Eyelash (áilash): pestaña. Foot (fut): pie.

Forefinger (forfínguer): índice.

Forehead (fórid): frente.

Hair (jer): cabello. Hand (jand): mano. Head (jed): cabeza. Heel (jíil): talón.

Hip (jip): cadera. Knee (ni): rodilla. Leg (leg): pierna. Lip (lip): labio.

Middle finger (mídol fínguer): dedo medio o corazón.

Mouth (máutz): boca.

Nape (néip): nuca. Navel (néivol): ombligo. Neck (nek): cuello.

Nipple (nípol): pezón.

Nose (nóuz): nariz.

Penis, prick, cock (pénis, prik, kak): pene.

Ring finger (ring fínguer): dedo anular o dedo médico.

Shoulder (shúlder): hombro.

Skin (skin): piel.

Small finger (ssmól fínguer): meñique.

Thigh (tái): muslo.

Thumb finger (tomb fínguer): pulgar.

Tit (tit): teta.

Waist (wuéist): cintura.

Wrist (rist): muñeca.

• CONJUGATION OF VERBS (regular ones) To conjugate regular verbs we have to do the following thing:

• The ending of the verbs.

• Besides that, it is important to see the gramatical person and the person in the expression or sentence.

(**) If verbs end with: S, SH, CH, X, Y1 (preceded by a consonant), Z or VOWEL, it is necessary to do the following:

Add –ES if main verb is in the simple present tense (Indicative Mode), when it is with the third singular person (He, She, It), except when the verb ends with "Y"1; when it ends with "Y" preceded by a consonant1, firstly, the "Y" is replaced by "I", and then –ES is added; if verb ends with the vowel –E, simply the consonant "S" is added.

With the other persons (I, You, We, They) verb has no change, that is to say, it is written just as it appears originally.

To verbs with endings distinct to the mentioned ones (**), including verbs ending with "Y preceded by a vowel", the consonant "S" is just added (if verb is with the third singular person, simple present tense of the Indicative mode); with the other persons (I, You, We, They) verbs are written with no change.

(***) If verbs are in the simple past tense (Indicative Mode), the suffix –ED is added to the verb (with all the persons: I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They); it is to keep in mind that verbs ending with "Y (preceded by a consonant)", firstly they change the "Y" letter by "I", and then the suffix –ED is added.

Examples:

Simple present tense: Simple past tense:

*FISH (fish): pescar.

I fish: yo pesco I fished

You fish: (tú) pescas, ud. Pesca You fished

He fishes: (él) pesca He fished

She fishes: (ella) pesca She fished

It fishes: (él, ella, ello) pesca It fished

We fish: (nos.) pescamos We fished You fish: (vos.) pescais, uds. Pescan You fished They fish: (ellos, ellas) pescan They fished

*WATCH (wuótch): mirar, vigilar, observar, velar

I watch: miro, observo… I watched

You watch: miras, observas… You watched

He watches: (él) mira, observa… He watched She watches: (ella) mira, observa… She watched It watches: (él, ella, ello) mira… It watched

We watch: (nos.) miramos…. We watched

You watch: (vos.) mirais… You watched

They watch: (ellos, ellas) miran… They watched

*MISS (mis): extrañar, errar, fallar, echar de menos, perder…

I miss: (yo) extraño… I missed You miss: extrañas…, ud. extraña… You missed He misses: (él) extraña… He missed

She misses: (ella) extraña… She missed

It misses: (él, ella, ello) extraña… It missed

We miss: (nos.) extrañamos… We missed They miss: (ellos, ellas) extrañan… They missed

*FIX (fiks): reparar, preparar (las comidas), fijar (un objeto…)

I fix: (yo) reparo… I fixed

You fix: (tú) reparas… (ud.) repara… You fixed He fixes: (él) repara, prepara… He fixed

She fixes: (ella) repara, prepara… She fixed

It fixes: (él, ella, ello) repara, prepara… It fixed We fix: (nos.) reparamos, preparamos… We fixed You fix: (vos.) reparais, preparais… You fixed They fix: (ellos, ellas) reparan… They fixed

*COPY (cópi): copiar

I copy: (yo) copio I copied

You copy: (tú) copias, (ud.) copia You copied

He copies: (él) copia He copied

She copies: (ella) copia She copied

It copies: (él, ella, ello) copia It copied

We copy: (nos.) copiamos We copied You copy: (vos.) copiais, (uds.) copian You copied They copy: (ellos, ellas) copian They copied

*BUZZ (bozz): murmurar, zumbar

I buzz: (yo) murmuro… I buzzed

You buzz: (tú) murmuras… You buzzed

He buzzes: (él) murmura… He buzzed

She buzzes: (ella) murmura… She buzzed

It buzzes: (él, ella, ello) murmura… It buzzed

We buzz: (nos.) murmuramos… We buzzed

You buzz: (vos.) murmurais… You buzzed They buzz: (ellos, ellas) murmuran… They buzzed

*WHEEDLE (juídol): engatusar, conseguir por medio de halagos

I wheedle: (yo) engatuso… I wheedled

You wheedle: (tú) engatusas… You wheedled

He wheedles: (él) engatusa… He wheedled

She wheedles: (ella) engatusa… She wheedled It wheedles: (él, ella, ello) engatusa… It wheedled We wheedle: (nos.) engatusamos… We wheedled You wheedle: (vos.) engatusais… You wheedled They wheedle: (ellos, ellas) engatusan… They wheedled

*PLAY (pléi): jugar, tocar (música), hacer (una mala jugada o pasada…)…

I play: (yo) juego… I played

You play: (tú) juegas…ud. juega… You played

He plays: (él) juega… He played

She plays: (ella) juega… She played

It plays: (él, ella, ello) juega… It played

We play: (nos.) jugamos… We played You play: (vos.) jugais…uds. Juegan… You played They play: (ellos, ellas) juegan… They played

SINGULAR AND PLURAL OF SOME NOUNS

Generally, nouns with regular plurals are those ending with: S, SH, CH, X, "Y (preceded by a consonant)", Z or VOWEL, and the majority of nouns with endings distinct to the mentioned ones, with some exceptions; all in all, they follow the same rules to conjugate regular verbs (respect to the terminations of those verbs and their utilization with the third singular person, simple present tense of the Indicative Mode), as shown subsequently:

• ar plurals:

Singular: Plural:

Ash (ash): ceniza ashes

Branch (branch): rama, sucursal branches

Bull (bul): toro bulls

Butt (bot): nalga, extremo butts

Buzz (bozz): zumbido buzzes

Church (cherch): iglesia churches

Clock (clak): reloj (de pared, de torres…) clocks

Country (kántri): país, campo, campiña countries

Cow (káu): vaca, hembra (de elefante…) cows

Cup (kep): copa, taza, pocillo cups

Deer (diir): venado, ciervo deers

Dog (dog): perro(a), can dogs

Eye (ái): ojo eyes

Flag (flag): bandera flags

Fox (foks): zorro(a) foxes

Hand (jand): mano hands

Horse (jors): caballo, caballete (de madera)… horses Lip (lip): labio lips

Stair (stér): escalera stairs

Star (sstár): estrella, astro stars

Tree (tri): árbol trees

Watch (wuótch): reloj (de pulso, de bolsillo) watches

• regular plurals:

*Axis (áksis): eje axes

*Bacterium (baktíriem): bacteria bacteria

*Crisis (kráisis): crisis crises

*Datum (déitem, dátom): dato data

*Knife (náif): cuchillo knives

*Leaf (lif): hoja (de árbol) leaves

*Life (láif): vida lives

*Thesis (tísis): tesis theses

*Thief (dif): ladrón thieves

*Wife (wuáif): esposa wives

Child (cháild): niño(a) children

Fish (fish): pez, pescado fish

Foot (fut): pie feet

Goose (guz): ganso geese

Louse (láuz): piojo lice

Man (man): hombre men

Mouse (máuz): ratón mice

Ox (oks): buey oxen

Tooth (tutz): diente teeth

Woman (wúman): mujer women

• IRREGULAR VERBS

The suffix "S" is added to verbs when they appear with the third singular person, that is to say, He, She, It (when they are in the simple present tense of the Indicative Mode); except some of them ending with vowel, especially with "O", to which the suffix "-ES" is added, and the special cases, such as: TO BE verb (See apart number 9), and TO HAVE verb (See apart number 16). Some of them, as CATCH (coger…) follow the rule to conjugate regular verbs ending with –CH (in the simple present tense of the Indicative Mode, with the third singular person only).

Subsequently, a list of some irregular verbs is presented:

Be (bi): ser, estar, tener, sentir…

Become (bikóm): llegar a ser, hacerse, convertirse en…

Bite (báit): morder… Bring (bring): traer… Build (bild): construir… Buy (bái): comprar…

Catch (catch): atrapar, coger, asir, sorprender…

Choose (chuz): escoger…

Come (kom): venir. Cost (kóust): costar… Cut (ket): cortar…

Do (du): hacer, tributar, trabajar en, resolver, andar en…

Fight (fáit): pelear…

Forget (forguét): olvidar, olvidarse de…

Forgive (forguív): perdonar.

Get (guet): conseguir, obtener, recibir, ir por, tomar, llevar…

Give (giv): dar, ofrecer, causar, ocasionar…

Go (góu): ir, ir por, llevar (una ruta, un camino…), tolerar…

Have (jav): tener, haber…

Hit (jit): golpear…

Keep (kip): guardar, mantener, conservar…

Know (nóu): conocer… Learn (lern): aprender… Let (let): permitir…

Make (méik): hacer…

Pay (péi): pagar…

Put (put): poner, colocar…

Read (rid): leer…

Say (séi): decir…

See (sii): ver…

Shut (shat): cerrar… Sing (sing): cantar… Sleep (sslíp): dormir… Speak (sspík): hablar…

Stand (sstánd): ponerse de pie…

Sweep (suíp): barrer, arrastrar, arrebatar, recorrer (con la mirada)…

Swim (suím): nadar…

Take (téik): tomar, llevar, traer, coger, aceptar, arrebatar…

Teach (tich): enseñar…

NOTE: **LEARN and WORK verbs, as well as some other verbs, acept or present two forms: regular and irregular (they conserve their meanings in both cases).

• COMPLEMENTARY READING MUNICIPALITY OF HOLY CROSS OF LORICA

Don Juan de Torrezal Díaz Pimienta founded the population of Holy Cross of Gaitá, in May the 3rd, 1740, this name was taken because in that date the Day of the Holy Cross is celebrated, and because the place was located in the territory of the Indian Chief Gaitá. This place, besides

easy to flood, was really unhealthy, for that reason, Don Antonio de la Torre y Miranda transferred the town to a higher place, the Islet of the Orica. From there the name of Holy Cross of Lorica was originated.

The municipality has an extension of 1,033.7 square kilometers (Km2). Of all this territory, a considerable part due to the frequent floods is wasted, particularly during the period of rains, because Lorica is the natural reservoir for the immense quantity of water that flows back in this bend coming from the Sinú River (which begins to grow in the Knot of Paramillo, Western Mountain Range, and has an approximate extension of 332 kilometers).

Lorica has an ardent climate approximately during 240 days of the year; while the remaining 125 days has a pleasant and smooth climate thanks to the strong hug and to the delicate and subtle caresses that lavish themselves the breezes originating in the majestic Caribbean Sea with the coquettish hills and the tops of the leafy trees that grow imposing in the fertile lands of the magical Sinú Valley. Lorica, besides that, is one of the most attractive and kindly cities of the Department of Córdoba and on the Northern Coast of Colombia. It nailed like strategic point and obliged route for the tourists who travel by road from the interior of the country toward the beaches of Coveñas, Tolú, San Bernardo del Viento and Moñitos, Lorica has been constituted in commercial epicenter for all the adjacent municipalities and, including, for more distant municipalities, in the same Department of Córdoba and for other departments.

Lorica was declared some few years ago " National Cultural and Tourist Patrimony". The Noble Lady, the Old and Lordly City, the paradise where embrace and kiss themselves the waters and the breezes of the Sinú River and the ones coming from the Caribbean Sea, located at 5 meters

above sea level, has modern plans of urbanization and enlargement of the road ring to do of this peaceful small place of Colombia a municipality that looks with security and serenity toward a promissory future. To recover the level of progress and industrialist and commercial push that had already a long time ago when it was still a province of the Department of Bolívar.

Lorica, in the older zone, is a delight and a rest for our eyes to contemplate the old buildings which take to natives and foreigners back to different epochs in the past (which includes the colonial and the republican periods) among these buildings are: the Old Market or Large Mesh,

Afife Matuk building (Chekre building or Fort of Patty), González building, Mogollón building, Parish of Holy Cross of Lorica, and other historic relics (July the 20th Bridge or Old Bridge, the Metallic Bridge, the Plaza of the Cross among others).

In Lorica, formerly cradle of the sinuan small- mouthed fish (where, according to some well- informed persons about the matter, it was enough to jump into the waters of the Sinú River, of the Large Marsh or of its small rivers and moist grounds to trap many fish with our hands), they are relevant the typical dishes of the regional and, especially, local gastronomy: small- mouthed fish broth, dog fish jumble (jumble meal), the unparalleled rice with coconut and other specialties that do the delights of its fellow country people, and trap the will of all one who visit it, whether as business, for recreation or to rest.

With respect to the general culture (art, painting, music, literature…), Lorica counts on many personalities of international, national, regional and local renown, as are: in literature: Manuel Zapata Olivella (R.I.P.), David Sánchez Juliao, Nelson Castillo Pérez…; in painting and plastic arts in general: Marcial Alegría (painter who despicts regional manners and customs), Manuel Salvador Viola Guerra (great teacher of the plastic arts, and famous caricaturist of the quotidianity- that his example, both in the arts and his dedication to the job lasts a very long time, and that it be emulated by the new generations), Adriano Ríos Sossa…; in history and pedagogy: Fernando Díaz Díaz (R.I.P.), brothers Bernardo and Héctor Chimá Pérez (noticeable educators in Lorica), José Gabriel González Fernández (educator, geographer, historian and promoter of ecological tourism), Fernando Slovez (Italian resident in Lorica- R.I.P.), Carlos Pacheco Mora (teacher of Physical Education who enjoys of a good retreat and rest), Luis García Oquendo (the syndical activist of the sincerity), Luis Miguel Pico Román (promoter of sciences from the school and leader of ecological groups), Ricardo Ramos and Ramón Sepúlveda (magicians for numbers, and others); in poetry and declamations: Professor Morales Austin (R.I.P.) and many other ones in different artistic and professional fields belonging to the long list that locates Lorica as "Cradle of the culture, of the agriculture and of the stockbreeding".

With regard to parties and celebrations, in Lorica the following events are carried out: May the 3rd Party, Parties of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception (December the 8th, Whirl Neighborhood or Barrio Remolino), Natural Watermelon Festival (when summer just begins in

this region, Saint Gabriel Section or Barrio San Gabriel), festival of the Mat (Rural District of San Nicolás of Bari), Craftmanship Fair: pottery and manufactures (in the middle of October Month, Rural District of San Sebastian), Festival of Rice (Rural District of the Doctrine) and many other events or celebrations, especially during the period of summer in this Magical, Attractive and Marvelous Paradise called Bajo Sinú (Lowlands of the Sinu Valley).

The beautiful City of Lorica counts on a good cover with regard to public utilities (aqueduct, sewerage, gap of oxidation, health, telephony, electric energy…) and to ways of communication. In the educational field, Lorica has many public institutions: Lácides C. Bersal Educational Institution (conspicuous educational institution, which gives samples of irrepressible overcoming, with graduate students splitted throughtout the world and excellent teachers), Antonio de la Torre y Miranda Educational Institution, Saint Cross Educational Institution, Agricultural and Technical Institute of Lorica (ITA)… and in the private order (Normal Santa Teresita, Politechnical Lyceum of the Sinú, Lorica City Institute, Admiral Columbus Central High School…).

Lorica has the privilege to count on an excellent geographical location and with a marvelous relief (almost all the municipality is of level grounds) and with the most fertile lands; besides that it has many bodies of water: Sinú River; Large Marsh; moist grounds of Cotocá Arriba (Castilleral), as well as of Cotocá Abajo, Nariño, Palo de Agua, Malena, Santa María, San José, Old River…which raises Lorica to a privilege place for the lovers of ecological tourism.

With regard to the sports and recreative activities, Lorica has excellent courts and sports settings: Stadium to play baseball (May the 3rd Stadium), Stadium or court for softball and/or for the healthy sport of the ball of rubber, Stadium to play Soccer…

Currently, the municipal administration carries out magnificent works of social interest, among which can be cited: Students Avenue, Enlargement of the Jesús María Lugo Avenue (which includes bridge of arches); in a not very distant future, they expect to culminate the New Market Plaza of Lorica, the New Bus Station, and other works (construction of new schools or enlargement of the physical plants of some existing ones) that will raise Lorica to the category of "Magnificent contrast between the marvelous past and the post- modernity, between the beautiful and arrogant urban architecture and the prosperous farm industry, between the roughness and uprightness of its peasants and laborers and the intelligentsia of its inhabitants in general".

ADDITIONAL DATA

POPULATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF HOLY CROSS OF LORICA (2005-2006)

COMPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY

Bend (bend): recodo.

Bus Station (bos sstéishon): Estación de Buses, Terminal de Transportes.

Coquettish (kóketish): coqueto(a).

Cradle (kréidol): cuna.

Craftmanship (kráfmanship): artesanía. Dog fish (dog fish): moncholo, pez perro. Easy to flood (ísi tu flud): anegadizo.

Fellow country people (félou kántri pípol): coterráneos. Foreigner (fóriner): extraño, extranjero, forastero, foráneo… Formerly [fórme(r)li]: otrora.

Gap of oxidation (gap ov aksidéishon): laguna de oxidación.

Hug (jog): abrazo.

Indian chief (índian chif): cacique. Intelligentsia (intéliyensia): intelectualidad. Islet (áilit): isleta.

Jumble or jumble meal (yámbol or yámbol mil): revoltijo, revoltillo.

Laborer (léiborer): labriego.

Large Mersh (larch mersh): Ranchón.

Lavish (lávish): prodigar…

Leafy (lífi): frondoso.

Level ground (lévol gráund): planicie.

Lordly [lór(d)li]: señorial. Marsh (marsh): laguna. Mat (mat): estera, petate.

Moist Ground (móist gráund): humedal. Mountain range (máunten rench): cordillera. Nail (néiol): enclavar; uña, puntilla… Neighborhood (néiborjud): vecindad, barrio… Old Market (óuld márkit): Mercado Viejo.

Older zone (óulder zóun): zona antigua.

Peasant (pésant): campesino. Pleasant (plísant): agradable. Pottery (pótri): alfarería.

Relic (rélik): reliquia.

Relief (rilíf): relieve.

Roughness (rófnis): rudeza.

Rural District (rúrol dístrik): corregimiento.

Rural village (rúrol vílich): vereda.

Sea level (si lévol): nivel del mar.

Sewerage (súerch, súerich): alcantarillado, desagüe, aguas negras.

Small- mouthed fish (ssmól máuzt fish): bocachico.

Smooth (ssmútz): suave.

Stockbreeding (ssták- bríding): ganadería.

Subtle [só(b)tol]: sutil.

To be wasted (tu bi wuéist): desperdiciarse.

To begin to grow (tu biguín tu gróu): nacer (un río…).

To flow back (tu flóu bak): refluir.

Unhealthy (anjéltzi): insalubre, poco saludable.

Uprightness (op-ráitnis): honestidad.

Watermelon (wuótermélon): sandía, patilla. Take…back(téik bak): volver, regresar, remontar… Whirl (juérl): remolino.

NOTE: when in the figured pronunciation (which always appears between parenthesis, after each Word or expression in English) appear cases such as: [só(b)tol] or [lór(d)li], this indicates that figured sound isolated inside the parenthesis can be pronounced, too or it can be omitted; when this, mentioned examples can be pronounced as: [sótol] [sóbtol] or [lórli] [lórdli].

• SEASONS OF THE YEAR