La crisis del empleo de los jóvenes (Parte II) (página 7)

Partes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Los jóvenes manifestaron su preocupación por la falta de empleos decentes a través de sus representantes, seleccionados por cada país del G20. En mayo de 2012, los representantes de los jóvenes se reunieron en la Cumbre Y20 (Puebla, México) y formularon una serie de conclusiones para llamar la atención de los líderes del G20 sobre las prioridades mundiales (la estabilidad mundial y la inclusión financiera, el comercio internacional, el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento verde, la seguridad alimentaria y el futuro del G20, entre otros). Una serie de conclusiones específicas giró en torno a la creación de empleo de calidad para los jóvenes…

A continuación se reproducen algunos Gráficos y Tablas seleccionados, del Informe OIT: "Tendencias Mundiales del Empleo Juvenil 2013 – Una generación en peligro" completo (de la versión en idioma inglés):

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* = preliminary estimate; p = projection. Note: The charts depict the evolution of global and regional unemployment rates between 2008 and 2012 as well as unemployment rate projections for 2013 to 2018. Projections are presented in the form of a fan chart, indicating the probability of various outcomes for the unemployment rates. Each shade of the fans corresponds to one-third of the confidence interval around the central projection (see Annex E for methodological information). Source: ILO: Trends Econometric Models, April 2013.

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Skills mismatch in the sense of overeducation or undereducation means that workers have either more education or less education than is required. This report uses a common measure of this type of skills mismatch based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) (see, for example, Quintini, 2011). This normative measure starts from a division of major occupational groups (first-digit ISCO levels) into four broad groups (table 3) and assigns a level of education to each occupational group in accordance with the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).

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6.1 A global framework to tackle the youth employment crisis

Improvements in youth labour market outcomes can only be achieved through an in-depth understanding of both global and country-specific employment and labour market issues. The analysis of youth labour markets, particularly of the issues that characterize youth transitions to decent work, is key for determining country-specific needs and for shaping policies and programmatic interventions.

There is no one-size-fits all approach to tackling the youth employment crisis. However, there are some key policy areas that need to be considered in relation to national and local circumstances. These areas were identified at the International Labour Conference (ILC) in June 2012 and are included in its resolution "The youth employment crisis: A call for action", which was adopted by representatives of governments, employers" organizations and trade unions of the 185 member States of the ILO (ILO, 2012g).

The "call for action" underlines the urgency for immediate and targeted interventions to tackle the unprecedented youth employment crisis that is affecting most countries across all regions. The conclusions that accompany the ILC resolution provide a global framework to help countries shape national strategies that are based on a multi-pronged and balanced approach. The framework covers five main policy areas: (1) employment and economic policies to increase aggregate demand and improve access to finance; (2) education and training to ease the school-to-work transition and to prevent skills mismatches; (3) labour market policies to target employment of disadvantaged youth; (4) entrepreneurship and self-employment to assist potential young entrepreneurs; and (5) labour rights that are based on international labour standards to ensure that young people receive equal treatment and are afforded rights at work. These main policy areas are briefly discussed below in light of the issues identified in this report…

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6.2 Conclusions

The unprecedented youth employment crisis requires countries to take immediate and targeted action. Measures should be balanced among the following instruments, which must be adapted to country-specific needs:

Multi-pronged and balanced strategies for growth and job creation. Youth employment is bound to the overall employment situation: this is why an employment-centred strategy that aims to increase growth and overall aggregate demand would increase the job opportunities for young people. Public-private partnerships and regional and local development can also contribute by providing innovative and scalable solutions.
Targeted youth employment action through tripartite consensus and time-bound action plans. Governments, employers" organizations and trade unions are well placed to determine the action to be taken at national and sectorial levels for the promotion of decent work for youth. Over the past decade, the ILO has assisted several countries in developing national action plans on youth employment. These plans can be used to convert youth employment priorities into concrete action and to strengthen the coordination of youth employment interventions.
Apprenticeships, skills training and other work-training programmes. The combination of skills development with work experience has proven effective, including during the recent crisis. Apprenticeships for low-skilled and inexperienced young people can improve their long-term employability and reduce labour costs for enterprises (ILO, 2012i).
Comprehensive packages of labour market measures targeting specific groups of young people. Youth employment programmes that are targeted at disadvantaged youth and offer a comprehensive package of services, such as youth guarantees, can facilitate the transition of young people to decent work. Active labour market policies that are based on single measures are unlikely to work for disadvantaged youth. More effort should be made to expand youth employment and livelihood interventions that target poor youth in irregular employment. A tailor-made package approach that targets specific groups of young people will be most effective. For instance, evaluations show that wage subsidies to encourage the private sector to hire young people are likely to yield a long-term employment impact if they are combined with counseling and training-cum-work experience support.
Employment services. Labour market intermediation that offers "standard" support to all young jobseekers (for example, self-service, group counseling and job search techniques, including employment planning) and more intensive and targeted assistance for "hard-to-place" youth can respond most effectively to the diverse needs and labour market difficulties of young people. Early interventions based on profiling techniques and outreach programmes make the services more relevant to young people and assist enterprises in the recruitment process. Partnerships between employment offices and municipal authorities, the social partners, social services and civil society organizations are required to improve the targeting of young people who fall within the reach of the labour offices.
Multiple services for entrepreneurship, social enterprises and cooperatives development. Training support, assistance in accessing credit, markets and networks, and other actions aimed at encouraging entrepreneurship can provide options for young people including during times of crisis. Recovery policies should give priority to access to finance for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.
Bipartite and tripartite cooperation. Establishing an enabling environment for the successful implementation of employment and labour market interventions for young people requires bipartite and tripartite cooperation. This is confirmed by the results of evaluations of youth employment programmes. Governments, employers" organizations and trade unions all have a role to play, both through fulfilling their own specific mandates and through concerted and joint efforts.
Platforms for exchanging knowledge and lessons of what works. A great deal can be learned from good practice in public policy and from innovative partnerships, but much of the experience gained is not sufficiently well known. More platforms and networks are needed to systematically identify and disseminate lessons on what works. Sharing information through publicly available global repositories, platforms and networks can make a major contribution.