Manual de Inglés

Enviado por epaisrael

Verbos Irregulares en Inglés

INFINITIVO

(Base Form)

PASADO

SIMPLE

PARTICIPIO

PASADO

TRADUCCIÓN

Arise

Arose

Arisen

Surgir, Levantarse

Awake

Awoke

Awoken

Despertarse

Be/ am, are, is

Was / Were

Been

Ser / Estar

Bear

Bore

Borne / Born

Soportar, dar a luz

Beat

Beaten

Golpear

Become

Became

Become

Llegar a Ser

Begin

Began

Begun

Empezar

Bend

Bent

Doblar

Bet

Apostar

Bind

Bound

Atar, encuadernar

Bid

Pujar

Bite

Bit

Bitten

Morder

Bleed

Bled

Sangrar

Blow

Blew

Blown

Soplar

Break

Broke

Broken

Romper

Breed

Bred

Criar

Bring

Brought

Traer Llevar

Broadcast

Radiar

Build

Built

Edificar

Burn

Burnt /Burned

Burnt / Burned

Quemar

Burst

Reventar

Buy

Bought

Comprar

Cast

Arrojar

Catch

Caught

Coger

Come

Came

Come

Venir

Cost

Costar

Cut

Cortar

Choose

Chose

Chosen

Elegir

Cling

Clung

Agarrarse

Creep

Crept

Arrastrarse

Deal

Dealt

Tratar

Dig

Dug

Cavar

Do (Does)

Did

Done

Hacer

Draw

Drew

Drawn

Dibujar

Dream

Dreamt / Dreamed

Soñar

Drink

Drank

Drunk

Beber

Drive

Drove

Driven

Conducir

Eat

Ate

Eaten

Comer

Fall

Fell

Fallen

Caer

Feed

Fed

Alimentar

Feel

Felt

Sentir

Fight

Fought

Luchar

Find

Found

Encontrar

Flee

Fled

Huir

Fly

Flew

Flown

Volar

Forbid

Forbade

Forbidden

Prohibir

Forget

Forgot

Forgotten

Olvidar

Forgive

Forgave

Forgiven

Perdonar

Freeze

Froze

Frozen

Helar

Get

Got

Got / Gotten

Obtener

Give

Gave

Given

Dar

Go (Goes)

Went

Gone

Grow

Grew

Grown

Crecer

Grind

Ground

Moler

Hang

Hung

Colgar

Have

Had

Haber o Tener

Hear

Heard

Oir

Hide

Hid

Hidden

Ocultar

Hit

Golpear

Hold

Held

Agarrar Celebrar

Hurt

Herir

Keep

Kept

Conservar

Know

Knew

Known

Saber Conocer

Kneel

Knelt

Arrodillarse

Knit

Hacer punto

Lay

Laid

Poner

Lead

Led

Conducir

Lean

Leant

Apoyarse

Leap

Leapt

Brincar

Learn

Learnt / Learned

Aprender

Leave

Left

Dejar

Lend

Lent

Prestar

Let

Permitir

Lie

Lay

Lain

Echarse

Light

Lit

Encender

Lose

Lost

Perder

Make

Made

Hacer

Mean

Meant

Significar

Meet

Met

Encontrar

Mistake

Mistook

Mistaken

Equivocar

Overcome

Overcame

Overcome

Vencer

Pay

Paid

Pagar

Put

Poner

Read

Leer

Ride

Rode

Ridden

Montar

Ring

Rang

Rung

Llamar

Rise

Rose

Risen

Levantarse

Run

Ran

Run

Correr

Say

Said

Decir

See

Saw

Seen

Ver

Seek

Sought

Buscar

Sell

Sold

Vender

Send

Sent

Enviar

Set

Poner(se)

Sew

Sewed

Sewed / Sewn

Coser

Shake

Shook

Shaken

Sacudir

Shear

Shore

Shorn

Esquilar

Shine

Shone

Brillar

Shoot

Shot

Disparar

Show

Showed

Shown

Mostrar

Shrink

Shrank

Shrunk

Encogerse

Shut

Cerrar

Sing

Sang

Sung

Cantar

Sink

Sank

Sunk

Hundir

Sit

Sat

Sentarse

Sleep

Slept

Dormir

Slide

Slid

Resbalar

Smell

Smelt

Oler

Sow

Sowed

Sowed / Sown

Sembrar

Speak

Spoke

Spoken

Hablar

Speed

Sped

Acelerar

Spell

Spelt

Deletrear

Spend

Spent

Gastar

Spill

Spilt / Spilled

Derramar

Spin

Spun

Hilar

Spit

Spat

Escupir

Split

Hender / partir / rajar

Spoil

Spoilt / Spoiled

Estropear

Spread

Extender

Spring

Sprang

Sprung

Saltar

Stand

Stood

Estar en pie

Steal

Stole

Stolen

Robar

Stick

Stuck

Pegar Engomar

Sting

Stung

Picar

Stink

Stank/Stunk

Stunk

Apestar

Stride

Strode

Stridden

Dar zancadas

Strike

Struck

Golpear

Swear

Swore

Sworn

Jurar

Sweat

Sudar

Sweep

Swept

Barrer

Swell

Swelled

Swollen

Hinchar

Swim

Swam

Swum

Nadar

Swing

Swung

Columpiarse

Take

Took

Taken

Coger

Teach

Taught

Enseñar

Tear

Tore

Torn

Rasgar

Tell

Told

Decir

Think

Thought

Pensar

Throw

Threw

Thrown

Arrojar Tirar

Thrust

Introducir

Tread

Trod

Trodden

Pisar, hollar

Understand

Understood

Entender

Undergo

Underwent

Undergone

Sufrir

Undertake

Undertook

Undertaken

Emprender

Wake

Woke

Woken

Despertarse

Wear

Wore

Worn

Llevar puesto

Weave

Wove

Woven

Tejer

Weep

Wept

Llorar

Wet

Mojar

Win

Won

Ganar

Wind

Wound

Enrollar

Withdraw

Withdrew

Withdrawn

Retirarse

Wring

Wrung

Torcer

Write

Wrote

Written

Escribir

Gramática

Presente simple:

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+V (base form)+C

S+Aux (do)+Neg+V (base form)+C

You

They

eat

She

eats

You

They

Do not eat

She

Does not eat

INTERROGACIÓN

Aux (do)+S+V ( base form )+C+?

You

They

Eat?

Does

She

Eat?

Excepción en tercera persona se añade una -s final. Cuando el verbo termina en -s, -ss, -sh, -o, -ch, -x se añade a la tercera persona singular la terminación '-es'. Cuando termina en 'y' precedida de consonante cambia la 'y' por 'ies'.

Para la forma negativa e interrogativa se recurre al verbo 'to do' que realiza una función auxiliar. En la tercera persona la forma 'do' cambia a 'does'.

Pasado simple:

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+V (pasado)+C

S+Aux (did)+Neg+V ( base form )+C

You

They

studied

She

studied

You

They

did not study

She

did not study

INTERROGACIÓN

Aux (did)+S+V ( base form )+C+?

Did

You

They

study?

Did

She

study?

Nota:

El pasado simple funciona con el auxiliar 'did' para todas las personas (incluida la tercera persona singular 'he/she/it'). En la forma afirmativa, el auxiliar 'did' no aparece, empleamos en su lugar la terminación 'ed', esta es la forma de pasado para todos los 'Verbos Regulares'. Si termina en –d o –t, se le pone –ed como sílaba aparte; si termina en cualquier otra consonante, se añade también –ed pero sin hacer sílaba aparte; si termina en –e, se le pone sólo –d; una –y final que sigue a cualquier consonante se cambia en – ie más –d.

Futuro simple:

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+Aux (will)+V ( base form )+C

S+Aux (will)+Neg+V ( base form )+C

You

They

Will travel

She

Will travel

You

They

Will not travel

She

Will not travel

INTERROGACIÓN

Aux (will)+S+V ( base form )+C+?

Will

You

They

travel?

Will

She

travel?

Nota:

Presente simple continúo:

AFIRMATIVO					NEGATIVO
S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+V (ing)+C					S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C
I am walking		He She It	is walking		I am not walking				He She It	is not walking
You We They	are walking				You We They		are not walking
INTERROGACIÓN
Be (pres. Simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+?
Am I walking?						Is		He She It		walking?
Are	You We They			walking?
Nota:

Pasado simple continúo:

AFIRMATIVO					NEGATIVO
S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+V (ing)+C					S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C
I was driving		He She It	was driving		I was not driving				He She It	was not driving
You We They	were driving				You We They		were not driving
INTERROGACIÓN
Be (pasd. Simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+?
Was I driving?						Was		He She It		driving?
Were	You We They			driving?
Nota:

Futuro simple continúo:

AFIRMATIVO					NEGATIVO
S+ Aux(will)+ be(base form)+V (ing)+C					S+ Aux(will)+Neg+be(base form)+V (ing)+C
I will be lending		He She It	Will be lending		I will not be lending				He She It		will not be lending
You We They	will be lending				You We They		will not be lending
INTERROGACIÓN
Aux (will)+S+be (base form)+V (ing)+C+?
Will I be lending?						Will		He She It		be lending?
Will	You We They			Be lending?
Nota:

Presente perfecto:

AFIRMATIVO					NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(have/has)+V (P.p)+C					S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+V (P.p)+C
I have bought		He She It	has bought (he’s)		I have not bought				He She It		has not bought (hasn’t)
You We They	have bought (you’ve)				You We They		have not bought (haven’t)
INTERROGACIÓN
Aux.(have/has)+S+V (P.p)+C+?
Have I bought?						Has		He She It		bought?
Have	You We They			bought?
Nota:

El presente perfecto, se forma con "to have" a modo de auxiliar y el verbo en participio pasado. En la tercera persona se emplea el "has".

Pasado perfecto:

AFIRMATIVO					NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(had)+V (P.p)+C					S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+V (P.p)+C
I had bought (I’d)		He She It	had bought (he’d)		I had not bought				He She It		had not bought (hadn’t)
You We They	had bought (you‘d)				You We They		had not bought (hadn’t)
INTERROGACIÓN
Aux.(had)+S+V (P.p)+C+?
Had I bought?						Had		He She It		Bought?
Had	You We They			bought?
Nota:

Futuro perfecto:

AFIRMATIVO					NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+V (P.p)+C					S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+V (P.p)+C
I will have bought		He She It		will have bought (he’ll have)	I will not have bought				He She It		will not have bought (won’t have)
You We They	will have bought (you‘ll have)				You We They		will not have bought (won’t have)
INTERROGACIÓN
Aux.(will)+S+(have)+V (P.p)+C+?
Will I have bought?						Will		He She It		have bought?
Will	You We They		have bought?
Nota:

Presente perfecto continúo:

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ Aux.(have/has)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

I have been selling

She

has been selling (he’s been)

I have not been selling

She

have not been selling (hasn’t been)

You

They

have been selling

(you‘ve been)

You

They

have not been selling (haven’t been)

INTERROGACIÓN

Aux.(have/has)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+?

Have I been selling?

Has

She

been selling?

Have

You

They

been selling?

Nota:

Pasado perfecto continúo:

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ Aux.(had)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

I had been selling

She

had been selling (he’d been)

I had not been selling

She

had not been selling (hadn’t been)

You

They

had been selling

(you‘d been)

You

They

had not been selling (hadn’t been)

INTERROGACIÓN

Aux.(had)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+?

Had I been selling?

Had

She

been selling?

Had

You

They

been selling?

Nota:

Futuro perfecto continúo:

AFIRMATIVO				NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C				S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C
I will have been selling		He She It	will have been selling (he’ll have been)	I will not have been selling				He She It		will not have been selling
You We They	will have been selling (you‘ll have been)			You We They		will not have been selling (won’t have been)
INTERROGACIÓN
Aux.(will)+S+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C+?
Will I have been selling?					Will		He She It		have been selling?
Will	You We They	have been selling?
Nota:

Pronombres personales

		sujeto	complemento	Pronombre reflexivo	Pronombre reciproco
Singsingular	1	I	Me	Myself	–
	2	You	You	Yourself	–
	3	He	Him	Himself	–
		She	Her	Herself	–
		It	It	Itself	–
P	1	We	Us	Ourselves	Each other
	2	You	You	Yourselves	Each other
	3	They	Them	Themselves	Each other

Preposiciones básicas

B.P	Used	Example
at	Specific times Definite place Full address Speed Idea of definite time and place Exception: at night: use in for the other parts of the day.	He has class at 8:30. My brother is at school. They live at 2388 Park Road. He was driving at 90 miles per hour. The exercise is at the end of the lesson.
in	Inside Cities, boroughs States, countries Parts of countries Continents Parts of the day Months, seasons, years Time (length of time) within	We are in the kitchen. The school is in the UCV. How long have you lived in Caracas? I live in the West. We saw many interesting sights in Europe. We have class in the morning. Graduation will be in July. You’ll have your exam in seven days. I’ll be back in ten minutes.
on	On the surface Streets, avenues Floors Dates Days of the week On a farm, a planet, an island, campus Punctuality	The book was on the table. Their house is on First Street. My apartment is on the sixth floor. My birthday is on October 22nd. There is no class on Saturday. He works on campus. He’s usually here on time. Note: in time for something)
by	Means, by way of (pasando por; por vía de; como; por medio de; a modo de)	You learn by repeating. You can get there by car.
of	Possessive of things Parts of a whole	The leg of the chair was broken. I bought a pound of carrots.
over	Exact position (vertical)	The light is over jack. The cabinets are over the counter.
to	Destination Leave for Arrive at place Arrive in a city	We are going to New York. The plane to Houston left an hour ago. He got to his office at eight. They will arrive in New York tonight.
above	Degree higher than Location higher than	The temperature is above 40. There are cabinets above the sink.
below	To a lower degree	Is Caracas above or below sea level?

Tips para traducir

Cuando nos encontramos ante la presencia de palabras en el idioma inglés que se asemejan a ciertas palabras en el idioma español y poseen el mismo significado, estas palabras son llamadas: verdaderas cognadas.
Cuando nos encontramos con palabras en el inglés que se parecen a ciertas palabras en el español, pero que su significado es diferente, estas palabras son llamadas: falsas cognadas.
Cuando nos encontramos con varias palabras seguidas unas de otras que pueden ser sustantivos, adjetivos o adverbios, nos detendremos a leer en el primer verbo, preposición, conectivo o signo de puntuación y procederemos a leer de derecha a izquierda sin omitir ninguna palabra. Solo jugaremos con los adjetivos o adverbios en el idioma español. (Marbella Delgado, 2003)

Bibliografía

ENCICLOPEDIA AUTODIDACTA OCEANO: Lengua y humanidades, Volumen 1, 1989.
BIBLIOTECA EL NACIONAL: diccionario de inglés/español, TOMO 7, 2001.
INGLÉS FÁCIL: Gramática y diccionario de modismos.
www.mansioningles.com.gramatica.htm
www.usingenglish.com
Material instructivo del C.V.A.

ISRAEL LOPEZ MONTAÑO

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