Returns after more control of viral disease or white ribbon yellow ribbon rice

SUMMARY

This research was conducted at four different sites and 100 km distant from each, within the lower Guayas Basin. As treatment factors are applied, potassium silicate (Agrisil) + Peptides + marine + Minerals Synthetic Peptides plant (full). The application was leaf. We worked with the rice variety INIAP-415, recycled several times. Past Performance varied from 39, 50 to 70 sacks of rice / ha. Following treatments were harvested 70, 79 and 118.5 sacks of rice per hectare (out of 200 lb). The sinergizacion between treatment factors listed contributed to obtain a discovery or accidental result that is blocking or masking tape virus yellow rice or white ribbon, that after the first application made within 20 days after sowing stop the viral development and allowed the development of plant to obtain the yields recorded.

INTRODUCTION.

In Ecuador, rice is the staple food for most Ecuadorians, representing 6.6% of importance in relation to total food expenditure. One of the representative crops for farm incomes in the provinces of Guayas and Los Rios, contributing to 94% of national production (Peñaranda RH, 1999.

Problems. Currently, there are several problems in rice cultivation, including lack of new varieties suitable for each area, the pest snail and the viral disease known as white or yellow ribbon tape. In the second case, after transplanting the rice plants at night to graze the snail leaves and sometimes buds or leaves the snail. To control the snail has experienced banned insecticides which are suffering the consequences today, the death of untold diversity of birds, fish, reptiles, and without calculating soil biodiversity, environmental impacts and human health.

In the case of white or yellow ribbon tape is a viral disease that affects 40 to 60% yields of rice (Julio Carchi, 2011, The Telegraph Journal. Ecuador).

Accidental discovery. Initially, the intention of the present investigation was designed to increase yields based nurtigenomica sciences, that is with the use of potassium silicate – AGRISIL – more marine peptides, peptides vegetable and mineral, but with the passing of the first application showed an accidental discovery, this is the control of viral disease of the white ribbon or yellow tape. This is the reason why in the variables studied did not include the analysis and control of white ribbon. However, within this experience nutritional shares the results with the community of farmers, technicians and scientists.

Transmission of the virus. The transmission of viral disease that causes white stripe or band, or stripe or yellow ribbon in rice is attributed to Sogatodes orizicola insect (planthopper). Both female and male of this species can transmit the virus, it was found that only 7 to 12% of all insects of this species are capable of transmitting the remainder produces mechanical damage on the leaves, but not inoculated virus (RH Penaranda, 1999).

Virulence. The insect can maintain its virulence to death (about a month). The state of virulence or transmission capacity of virulent insects can be 8 to 14 days. There is evidence that the virus can be transmitted from generation to generation, which are descendants virulent (RH Penaranda, 1999).

Damage of the virus. In the plant damage was manifested in reduced tillering and height of the blade. When the vector insect attack is severe, there is production of sooty mold, drying down of the leaf, which is more evident the younger the plant.

Nutrition research. Initially gave much importance to plant nutrition with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, then foliar nutrition and micronutrients, under this system we have held five decades. New research shows the incalculable value of the peptides used in synergy with potassium silicate more conventional fertilizers achieving high yields in all crops. In practice this is what I wanted the farmer.

Nutrigenomics is the science that studies the interactions of gene-nutrient. Nutrigenomics prevents, delays or masks the onset of diseases associated with the interplay between genes and nutrition. One of the founders and considered the father of nutrigenomics to humans is Dr. Jose Maria Ordovas, while R. Horna Zapata, directs its work towards aquaculture and agriculture.

Composition and Function of Peptides. Peptides are compounds of amino acids (AAs) and protein-based Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Oxygen. Peptides are rapidly absorbed and metabolized by plants. Within the plant is capable of forming new peptide chains, this time of antigenic character, ie protective immune system of the plant. This is one of the keys of nutrigenomics.

The plant without distinguishing whether the peptides are of animal or vegetable origin (marine or terrestrial) are absorbed immediately, your genetic memory peptides recognized as universal, and this is sufficient (Horna, 2011). Crops and fruits treated with peptides can be harvested and even immediately after treatment.

Because applying silicon in rice. Very simple, rice accumulates up to 10% Si, the same crop absorbs different amounts of silicon over the entire period of growth and development (Photo 1).

Photo 1. – There is good development of tillering in rice variety NIAP-415 (recycled seed for ten times), counted 49 tillers, with 77 pins, and pin 237 highly crystalline grains of rice. Churute Naranjal, November – 2011.

Fertilization with silicon. According Filgueiras O. (2007) found that fertilization with silicon can increase the resistance or tolerance to several fungal diseases and other pests. In the case of rice, have been shown to form complexes with organic compounds in the walls of the epidermal cells and achieve increased resistance to degradation of the enzymes that release fungi (SEPHU, 2009). The greater absorption of this mineral provides mechanical protection to the epidermis of the plant being able to reduce infection by pathogens and increase tolerance to drought and cold. Among the benefits of silicon is to elevate the proportion of calcium and magnesium.

Role and benefits of silicon in rice cultivation. Malidarh Ghanbari, A. Kashani, Nourmohammadi G.; Mobasser H, Alavi V. and A. Fallah (2008) and A. Fallah (2008) found that absorption of Si is better than the absorption of nitrogen (N) in the rice plant and the Si is more efficient than when deposited on the N roots which form a silicon gel and this is why the stiffness of the rice stalks, besides the Si is deposited on the leaves being the ratio of the leaf ergidez as hardness of the panicles and rice grains. The results showed that Si at concentrations of between 3 and 5% may be the minimum level necessary for tissue resist disease and improve rice yields. Silicon deficiency produces plants with weak cell structure and very brittle or very prone to lodging.

On the efficiency of disease control is corroborated by Rodriguez, F.; Dallagnol L., Resende, R. and J. Ma (2008) in other crops such as soybeans in Brazil, who observed that applying potassium silicate marketed as an alternative strategy for control of soybean rust, a fact confirmed by Horna Z. (2011). Another experiment conducted in Iran, scientists Mobasser H.; Malidarh A. Ghanbari and Sedghi H. (2008) showed that silicon application decreases the number of days for the first stage of tillering, flowering (50%), panicle initiation stage and grain filling.

Implications of silicon in plant physiology (SEPHU, 2009). T Silicon, under stress of the plant, this is deposited in the cell walls of xylem vessels and prevent being compressed under high transpiration caused by drought to heat stress. Silicon membrane-Cellulose in epidermal tissue of the leaves also protects the plant tissues against excessive loss of water by transpiration due to a reduction in the stomatal pore diameter. On the physiology of plants, the silicon acts as protector and regulator of photosynthesis and other enzymatic activities (SEPHU, 2009.)

The key. Then, as the plant through the photosynthetic process absorbs CO 2 (carbon dioxide) is improved when applied obstenciblemente SiO 4 H 4 (orthosilicic acid) allowing induce chlorophyll per unit leaf area and produce more enzymes ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO) enzyme that captures CO 2, improving the utilization of solar energy. Here is the key to the efficiency of Si (Quero, 2008; Matichenkov, 2008 and SEPHU, 2009).

Society calcium – silicon. Silicic acid formed as potassium silicate captures and regulates the balance of minerals in plants. Thus, calcium and silicon are essential and inseparable part of the cellular structure and metabolic function of plants. Calcium hardness improvement or given to the cell membrane while the potassium silicate contributes to cell turgor, the more flavor in the fruit, more strength and weight in grasses. As a result, silicon strengthens the entire vascular system of plants, so they can raise more water and that water is the calcium to help strengthen the silicon cells.

Because applying Potassium: potassium Because increases resistance to lodging, disease and unfavorable weather conditions. Potassium uptake during the growing cycle proceeds similarly to that of silicon and nitrogen. Therefore, by acting together potassium silicate (Agrisil) + peptides vegetables (Biol) + marine peptides (Blue Wave) initiate a path aggressive in the metabolism of plant tissues, in this case the biochemical reactions where each is identified to strengthen, to induce or stimulate the immunoregulatory system of each organ in this way have a plant more tolerant to environmental and bacterial and viral infections.

In summary, both peptides as silicon are amphoteric, ie which can act both in acidic, neutral and alkaline. Whose stability allows them to form various compounds or protein chains or silicates, respectively. Then we have two key elements to strengthen the immunoregulatory system.

III. METHODOLOGY.

Location of the trial. Simultaneously performed four trials, one in the area Churute sole purpose of this article, another in the Community The Negritos belonging to San Juan de Vinces, the next American Plan, site Cañitas and fourth in the Unidos Venceremos Yaguachi community. The irrigation system used was flooding. The physical characteristics of soil are clay loam are soil level. We worked during the months of August through December 2011.

Experimental treatments. The treatments were five, each treating a hectare with four replications, applied in these areas.

Treatment

I. Witness farmer

II. (A) 1.5 potassium silicate Kl (Agrisil)

III. Potassium Silicate 1.5 kl + (B) 1 Peptides vegetable kl (Biol)

IV. Potassium Silicate 1.5 kl + kl Peptides plant 1 (Biol) + (c) 0.5 marine peptides kl (Blue Wave)

V. Potassium silicate 1.5 0.5 kl + kl + Peptides Peptides marine plant 1 kl (Biol) + (C) 0.5 synthetic minerals kl

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Plant height. When comparing the average height with the Witness farmer shows that there is 6.5 cm taller for T4 and T5 to 9.6 cm. The treatments did not significantly influence the height of the rice plant, Variety INIAP-415, as is typical of plant genetics.

Number, tillers, spikes and grains per plant. These data were taken at 70 days after sowing. Comparing with the data of Witness shows that in the T4 and T5 high statistical significance occurs, with the T5 with largest increase in the number of tillers, spikes and grains per plant, which explains that the factors of treatment (T5 = A + B + C + D) influence these variables and was the decisive factor for increasing production (Figure 2).

Photo 2. Were seeded rice variety INIAP-415, non-certified seed, recycled or replanted by ten times. Churute Naranjal, October 28-2011.

Effect of potassium silicate in leaf structure. At 15 days of applied potassium silicate (Agrisil) reveals thicker leaves, straighter, more chlorophyll and trichomes. To test the effect stressful and vitality of the leaf by the action of sunlight, cut the stem of leaves with and without treatment with silicon, it was found that those treated with abarquillan If not easily do so after a minute, not with the untreated leaf curls this is almost instantly (Fig. 3, 3a).

Figure 3 and 3a. – Figure 3. – Is seen that treatment with potassium silicate (Agrisil) + marine peptides are completely healthy plants. In the photo 3a, without potassium silicate abarquillan leaves easily. Site Cañitas, American Plan, Lomas de SARGENTILLO. Ecuador, 2011.

Symptoms and viral damage. Symptoms of White Ribbon rice are not severe for Churute area, but it is for other areas, the most critical area American Plan, which is described.

At 15 days of transplanted rice showed the first signs of attack Sogatodes orizicola (leafhoppers), presents small whitish-yellow spots (Figure 4) with stripes distributed along the midrib of young leaves. Sometimes it has small chlorotic lines at the edges of the leaf blade. All new leaves show the symptoms of the disease. Viral infection is initiated from the apex of the blade towards the base of the stem, in this case the sheet is considered clinically dead. But if new symptoms appear at the apex of the leaves is possible to recover.

Diseased plants with symptoms 10% of diseased leaves and within these if the level of leaf damage ranges from 50%, plants treated with potassium silicate + marine peptides showed full recovery and then large tolerance to viral disease , but not those with advanced symptoms more than 25% damage.

Severely infected plants have small ears (Photo 5), discolored, and when in formation of these grains also leave discolored and stained amarrillas almost empty. Grains that do form are poorly trained and lacking in the ears. This is one reason why it is harvested within 40 bags / ha.

Photo 4 and 5. – A diseased plant with more than 25 to 40% damage level (Figure 4) has small ears

(Figure 5). Site Cañitas. American Plan. Lomas de Sargentillo, Ecuador. 2011.

Yield per hectare. In T1 (control) was harvested 70 bags, each bag of 200 pounds of rice husk. The T2, T3, T4 and T5 have a highly significant increase: 23.5, 26.8, 36.53 and 48.31 bags of rice in husk of 200 pounds (average) with respect to Witness, respectively. This explains why the production is related to the higher number of tillers, spikes and grains (Figure 1).

Figure 1. – There is a difference in the number of bags of rice per hectare per treatment than the control farmers, highlights the T4 and T5. Churute Naranjal, 2011.

Economic analysis of technology vs control. Treatments are highly significant T2, T3, T4 and T5, stands the last two where there is a 52.20 percentage increase of 69.02%, respectively (Figure 2).

Figure 2. – The profitability of the combined factors (A + B +) and (A + B + C + D) are highly significant.

Summary of yield per area. Figure 3 summary record the yields obtained by test area, in all these areas are applied the same experimental design and see different responses. Only in the area of Community Yaguachi Negritos could not overcome the 70 sacks of rice / ha for the crop suffered twice the snails attack and increased salinity higher than 7 ppt, so people stay was reduced to 75 %. The difference in yields also depends on how timely is the soil fertilization.

Figure 3. – Summary of performance as the test area. Results with treatment 5 (potassium silicate) 1.5 0.5 kl + kl + Peptides Peptides sea vegetables 1 kl (Biol) + (C) Synthetic Minerals 0.5 kl can see that if exceed 60 sacks of rice / ha).

V. CONCLUSION

1. It was found that the synergistic action of potassium silicate – AGRISIL – with vegetable and marine peptides more synthetic minerals contributed to strengthen the tissues of rice plants increases the root system, tillering increase, increase the number of spikes and rice grains, we observed that the application of potassium silicate – AGRISIL – rice grains gained more weight and this helped increase yield 36.36%. Treatments are more profitable Q4 = 106.53 bags / ha = $ 2,235.88 and T5 = 118.31 bags / ha = $ $ 2,624.00 net profit / ha. Churute Naranjal, 2011. Hypothesis is accepted Malidarh Ghanbari, Mobasser AH Alavi, V. (2008).

2. As in the present trial (Churute), was found in other trials of rice, as the Communities The Negritos in San Juan de Vinces; Unidos Venceremos Yaguachi and American Plan area, Lomas de Sargentillo Canton, where the viral disease white ribbon or tape yellow affects from the first 15 days after germination, but, applying potassium silicate – AGRISIL – in synergy with the peptides and minerals was observed that the viral disease is masked or blocked, so the plant could fulfill physiological functions like any healthy plant. Finally, the Plan America, instead of harvesting the 39 bags 79 bags per hectare harvested. This confirms the hypothesis Filgueiras O. (2007), Matichenkov V. (2008), Rodriguez. F.; Dallagnol L., Resende R. and J. Ma (2008), E. Quero (2010) and Horna Z. (2011) in which the potassium silicate more synergy peptide contributes to strengthening the immunoregulatory system of the plants.

3. This viral disease brought under control of the white ribbon, if seizures recur snail pest is reduced yields.

4. This test result is a random accidental invaluable contribution to world agriculture may be more healthy food friendly products.

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS

1. With the synergy of these products we are facing a new concept to plant nutrition or n and is an excellent contribution to sustainable agriculture. Diffusion is necessary or n of this hy-friendly technology so that you can put into pr to information by the higher c n u m ber of farmers and the largest n ú m ber of crops.

2. The Ecuadorian state, to trav é s MAGAP should initiate a comprehensive program of educat ion and environmental control on the use of qu t m ic banned for snail control, should Collaterally testing to find the f or r mule friendly controlling this pest.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Filgueiras O. 2007. Silicon in agriculture. The mineral is used to control pests, increase productivity and improve the quality of agricultural products. Print edition 140 pg.

Horna Z., 2011. Agricultural revolution to the application of peptides. Engormix.com. Argentina.

Matichencov V., 2008. Chemical structure of silicon and biosilicificacion processes. Russia.

Malidarh Ghanbari, Mobasser AH Alavi, V. (2008). Effect of silicon and nitrogen rates in leaf and neck blast, chlorophyll content and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in two water management systems. (Floods and deficit irrigation) in northern Iran. Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Iran. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Silicon. Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa.

Rodriguez. F.; Dallagnol L., Resende R. and J. Ma (2008). Silicon in disease control in rice, sorghum and soybeans. Federal University of Viçosa Laboratory Department of Plant Pathology Plant-Pathogen Interacao da Viçosa, Minas Gerais CEP, 36570-000 Brazil. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Silicon. Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa.

Peñaranda RH, 1999. Integrated management of sogata (Tagosodes orizicolus) Muir in rice cultivation in Los Llanos Orientales. FEDEARROZ-pro birth. Villavicencio.

Quero, E. 2008. The fundamental biological process biosilicificacion in agricultural production. Mexico.

SEPHU, 2009. Spanish Society of humic products. Sephu News, Bulletin No. 28. Zaragoza. Spain.

Autor:

Dr. Rafael Horna Z.