Some English grammars

The verb to be

Possessive adjectives

Example: My sister"s name"s Laura.

Have to/Has to

"Have to" and "has to" are used for obligation.

Subject + have to + verb in simple form.

Pronoun + has to + verb in simple form.

"There is" and "there are"

There is: "hay"… is use to say that someone or something is there. (Its contraction is "There"s")

There is a chair in the classroom.

There are: is use to say that [a lot] of thing or people s there. (Doesn"t have contraction)

There are twenty people.

There is/are Negative form.

There is not (complete form). There isn"t (short form).

There are not (complete form). There aren"t (short form).

It"s to say the inexistence of thing or people.

There is/are Question.

Is there a book? Yes, there is/No, there isn"t.

Are there books? Yes, there are/No, there aren"t.

Present simple.

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Subject pronoun + verbs in simple form + complement.

You watch science fiction.

Verbs in 3rd person.

There are some especial cases such as if the verb ends with:

"SS", "SH", "CH", "O" and "X" you add ES at the end of the verb for example:

KissES

WatchES

If the verbs end with "Y" after consonant you need to… change the "Y" to "I" and add "es".

For example: Study Studies

General rule: Is add the "S": Love Loves

Present simple (negative).

Subject pronoun + don"t/doesn"t (contraction form) do not/ does not (complete form) + VSF * complement.

You don"t watch science fiction.

Present simple…yes/no questions.

Auxiliary (Do/Does) + subject pronoun + V.S.F. + complement +?

Grammar point: Can/Can"t for ability

Affirmative structure:

Subject pronoun + aux. can + V.S.F. + complement.

I can swim every day.

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + aux. can"t + V.S.F. + complement. (Complete form: Cannot)

I can"t swim every day.

Present continuous

Is use to talk about actions in progress now.

Affirmative structure:

Subject pronoun + verb to be + verb in ing + complement.

They are making pizza.

Rules:

Basic: Just add "ing" to the base verb.

Work-working

Exception 1: If the base verb end in consonant + vowel + consonant or stressed vowel double the last letter.

Stop-stopping

Exception 2: If the verbs ends in "ie" change the ie to "y".

Lie-lying

Exception 3: If the verbs ends in vowel + consonant + e omit the e and add ing.

Come-coming.

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + verb to be in negative + verb ing + complement.

She isn"t making pizza.

Question structure:

Verb to be + subject pronoun + verb ing + complement + ?

Is she making pizza? Yes, she is/No, she isn"t.

Comparatives

Para comparar a dos o más personas, lugares o cosas con la forma comparativa las reglas son:

-Agregar "er" a los adjetivos de una sílaba y algunas de 2 sílabas.

Smaller Quieter

-Pon la palabra more o less antes del adjetivo. Por lo general son de dos sílabas.

Beautiful-more beautiful.

-Para los adjetivos de una sílaba y dos sílabas que terminan con "y" cambiala por una i y agrega er.

Easy-easier

-Irregular adjetives

Good-better

Bad-worse

Far-farther

Como usar los comparativos:

The sofas are cheaper than the chair.

My best friend is more beautiful than your friend.

Coparing with equality form we use:

As + adjective in simple form + as.

Brad is as tall as Jennifer.

For negative.

Just change the verb to be in negative.

Brad isn"t as tall as Jennifer.

Superlatives

Se usan para comparar tres o más persona, lugares o cosas.

Rules.

-Pon el artículo "the2 antes del adjetivo y agregar "est" a los adjetivos de una sílaba y algunos de dos sílabas.

Cheap-the cheapest.

-Pon la palabra "the most" o "the least" antes de los adjetivos de dos o más sílabas.

Beautiful-the most beautiful.

Expensive-the least expensive.

-Para los adjetivos de una o dos síalbas que terminan en "y" cambia por "i" así como agregar "est2.

Happy-Happiest.

4 Irregulars.

Good-the best.

Bad-the worst.

Far-the farthest.

Exmaples:

The blouse is the cheapest blouse.

He buys the most beautiful but the least expensive tie.

The happiest person has the biggest smile.

Ortografía del pasado regular

• a) A los verbos que terminan en "e" se les agrega un "-d" para formar el pasado.

Phone phoned

Smile smiled

Agree agreed

Die died

Lie lied

• b) A los verbos que no terminan en "e" se les añade "-ed".

Ask asked

Clean cleaned

• c) Los verbos que tiene una sola vocal y que van seguidos de una sola consonante se le duplica la consonante.

Beg begged

Rub rubbed

• d) Los verbos de dos sílabas y la última sílaba tiene una sola vocal acentuada se le duplica consonante.

Prêfer preferred

Rêfer referred

• e) Cuando el verbo termina en "y" cambia a "i" y se agrega "ed".

Carry carried

Fly Flied.

Verb to be in past was/were

Affirmative structure:

Subject pronoun + verb to be in past + complement.

He was a teacher.

They were students.

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + verb to be in negative (wasn"t/weren"t) + complement.

He wasn"t a teacher.

They weren"t students.

Yes/No questions:

Verb to be + subject pronoun + complement + ?

Was he a teacher?

Were they students?

Simple past tense.

Subject pronoun + verb in past + complement.

I came to Las Vegas the last year.

They went to the party last night.

Adverbs of manner.

Some adverbs tell us how an action is or should be performed.

Often these adverbs are performed by.

-Adding "–ly" to the end of the adjective.

-Adjectives ending "-l" add "ly" (careful-carefully).

-Adjectives ending "-y" change to "ily" (lucky-luckily).

-Adjectives ending "-ble" change to "bly" (responsible-responsibly).

Auxiliary DID

Is use to talk about the simple past in negative and question. It doesn"t have a meaning because is an auxiliary. NOTE: When you use the auxiliary does not use the verb in past, it always have to be in simple form (V.S.F.).

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + didn"t + V.S.F. + complement.

I didn"t let you speak in spanish.

Question structure:

Auxiliary did + subject pronoun + V.S.F. + complement +?

Dis I let you speak in spanish?

Short answers:

Yes, you did/No, you didn"t.

Modal auxiliary Could

Meaning: Pude, pudiste, podía, podías, podría, podrías.

Affirmative structure:

Subject pronoun + aux. Could + V.S.F. + complement.

I could take a taxi.

Negative structure:

Subject pronoun + couldn"t + V.S.F. + complement.

I couldn"t sleep last night.

Question structure:

Could + subject pronoun + V.S.F. + complement +?

Could you sleep last night? Yes, I could/No, I couldn"t.

Wh-question structure with could:

Wh questions + could + subject pronoun + V.S.F. + complement +?

What, Why, How, Who, where, When…could I do tomorrow? / Why couldn"t I sleep?

Autor:

Rosendo Rodolfo Sanchez Cuevas